Application
Insulin is used as a growth factor in many mammalian cell
culture systems.
- Insulin
from bovine pancreas has been used for the differentiation of MSCs
(mesenchymal stem cells) to adipocytes.[1]
- It
has been used for culturing of various cells.[2][3][4]
- It
has also been used to study insulin-mediated inhibition of the HMGCS2
(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) synthase) gene.[5]
Biochem/physiol Actions
Two-chain polypeptide hormone produced by the β-cells of
pancreatic islets. Its molecular weight is ~5800 Da. The α and β chains are
joined by two interchain disulfide bonds. The α chain contains an intrachain
disulfide bond. Insulin regulates the cellular uptake, utilization, and storage
of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and inhibits the breakdown of
glycogen, protein, and fat.
Physical form
powder-0 °C; solution stable 2-8 °C, 1 year
Preparation Note
Insulin has low solubility at neutral pH. It can be
solubilized at 2 mg/ml in dilute acetic or hydrochloric acid, pH 2-3.
Other Notes
InChI: 1S/C254H377N65O75S6/c1-29-131(24)205(312-192(334)103-256)250(389)317-204(130(22)23)246(385)287-158(74-81-199(344)345)216(355)281-155(70-77-188(260)330)220(359)307-183-116-399-400-117-184-242(381)305-177(110-321)238(377)293-161(87-122(6)7)223(362)294-167(94-139-52-60-145(324)61-53-139)226(365)282-153(68-75-186(258)328)217(356)289-160(86-121(4)5)221(360)284-157(73-80-198(342)343)219(358)301-173(100-189(261)331)233(372)297-169(96-141-56-64-147(326)65-57-141)229(368)308-182(241(380)303-175(253(393)394)102-191(263)333)115-398-396-113-180(212(351)270-106-193(335)277-152(71-78-196(338)339)215(354)280-150(50-41-83-268-254(264)265)210(349)269-107-194(336)278-165(92-137-45-35-31-36-46-137)225(364)296-166(93-138-47-37-32-38-48-138)228(367)298-170(97-142-58-66-148(327)67-59-142)236(375)318-206(135(28)323)251(390)319-84-42-51-185(319)244(383)285-151(49-39-40-82-255)213(352)276-134(27)252(391)392)310-248(387)202(128(18)19)315-234(373)163(89-124(10)11)291-227(366)168(95-140-54-62-146(325)63-55-140)295-222(361)159(85-120(2)3)288-207(346)132(25)274-214(353)156(72-79-197(340)341)286-245(384)201(127(16)17)314-235(374)164(90-125(12)13)292-231(370)172(99-144-105-267-119-273-144)300-237(376)176(109-320)279-195(337)108-271-211(350)179(112-395-397-114-181(309-243(183)382)240(379)275-133(26)208(347)304-178(111-322)239(378)316-203(129(20)21)249(388)311-184)306-224(363)162(88-123(8)9)290-230(369)171(98-143-104-266-118-272-143)299-218(357)154(69-76-187(259)329)283-232(371)174(101-190(262)332)302-247(386)200(126(14)15)313-209(348)149(257)91-136-43-33-30-34-44-136/h30-38,43-48,52-67,104-105,118-135,149-185,200-206,320-327H,29,39-42,49-51,68-103,106-117,255-257H2,1-28H3,(H2,258,328)(H2,259,329)(H2,260,330)(H2,261,331)(H2,262,332)(H2,263,333)(H,266,272)(H,267,273)(H,269,349)(H,270,351)(H,271,350)(H,274,353)(H,275,379)(H,276,352)(H,277,335)(H,278,336)(H,279,337)(H,280,354)(H,281,355)(H,282,365)(H,283,371)(H,284,360)(H,285,383)(H,286,384)(H,287,385)(H,288,346)(H,289,356)(H,290,369)(H,291,366)(H,292,370)(H,293,377)(H,294,362)(H,295,361)(H,296,364)(H,297,372)(H,298,367)(H,299,357)(H,300,376)(H,301,358)(H,302,386)(H,303,380)(H,304,347)(H,305,381)(H,306,363)(H,307,359)(H,308,368)(H,309,382)(H,310,387)(H,311,388)(H,312,334)(H,313,348)(H,314,374)(H,315,373)(H,316,378)(H,317,389)(H,318,375)(H,338,339)(H,340,341)(H,342,343)(H,344,345)(H,391,392)(H,393,394)(H4,264,265,268)/t131-,132-,133-,134-,135+,149-,150-,151-,152-,153-,154-,155-,156-,157-,158-,159-,160-,161-,162-,163-,164-,165-,166-,167-,168-,169-,170-,171-,172-,173-,174-,175-,176-,177-,178-,179-,180-,181-,182-,183-,184-,185-,200-,201-,202-,203-,204-,205-,206-/m0/s1
